# time 【時間】 ## struct\_time *** `gmtime()`、`localtime()` 和 `strptime()` 返回的時間值序列的類型。 它是一個 [named tuple](https://docs.python.org/zh-tw/3/library/collections.html#collections.namedtuple) interface 物件：可以透過索引和屬性名稱訪問值。存在以下值：
IndexAttributeValues
0tm_yearany value
1tm_monrange [1, 12]
2tm_mdayrange [1, 31]
3tm_hourrange [0, 23]
4tm_minrange [0, 59]
5tm_secrange [0, 61]， 60 在表示閏秒的時間戳中有效。由於向後兼容，所以保留 61。
6tm_wdayrange [0, 6]
7tm_ydayrange [1, 366]
8tm_isdst0, 1 or -1; -1 表示由 library 自動確定 DST (Daylight Saving Time)。
N/Atm_zone時區名稱的縮寫
N/Atm_gmtoffUTC offsets (seconds)
{% hint style="info" %} **當長度不正確的 Tuple 或錯誤類型，傳遞給需要 struct\_time 的函數時，會引發 TypeError。** {% endhint %} ### asctime(), ctime() *** `asctime([t])` 將 `struct_time` 物件，轉換為表示本地的時間和日期。 如果您沒有提供 `t`，它將使用 `localtime()` 返回的本地的當前時間。 `ctime([secs])` 將 Epoch ，轉換為當前的時間和日期。如果未提供 `secs` 或 `secs=None` ，則使用 `time()` 返回的當前時間。 `ctime(secs)` 相當於 `asctime(localtime(secs))`。 {% hint style="info" %} **紀元 (Epoch)。** 表示自 1970 年 1 月 1 日 00:00:00 UTC 以來經過的總秒數 (浮點數)。這是許多系統中存儲時間的常用方法，因為它很簡單 (只是一個數字)並且可以高精度地表示任何日期和時間。 {% endhint %} {% hint style="info" %} **浮點數 (float)。** `float` 所能表示的最大值約為 1.8e308，最小值約為 2.2e-308。因此，Epoch 的最大值將約為 1.8e308 秒，即約 584 年 (即西元2554年)。 {% endhint %} {% code title="PYTHON" %} ```python '''asctime()''' import time # Get Current time print(time.asctime()) # ========================================================= # Get time in seconds since the epoch seconds = time.time() # Convert to struct_time time_struct = time.localtime(seconds) # Convert to a string time_str = time.asctime(time_struct) print(time_str) # ========================================================= # July 20, 1969, 20:17 UTC, when man first landed on the moon timestamp = 14182900 # Convert to a struct_time in UTC time_struct = time.gmtime(timestamp) # Convert to a String print(time.asctime(time_struct)) ``` {% endcode %} **執行結果：** ```TXT Fri Jul 7 19:03:15 2023 Fri Jul 7 19:03:15 2023 Sun Jun 14 03:41:40 1970 ``` {% code title="PYTHON" %} ```python '''ctime()''' mport time # Gives current time print(time.ctime()) # July 20, 1969, 20:17 UTC, when man first landed on the moon timestamp = 14182900 print(time.ctime(timestamp)) ``` {% endcode %} **執行結果：** ```TXT Output: Fri Jul 7 17:13:47 2023 Output: Sun Jun 14 03:41:40 1970 ``` ### gmtime(), localtime(), mktime() *** `gmtime([secs])` 將 Epoch ，轉換為 UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) 格式的 `struct_time` 物件。如果未提供 `secs`，它將返回 UTC 時間。 `localtime([secs])` 與 `gmtime()` 類似，但轉換為本地時間。 `mktime(t)` 是 `localtime()` 的反函數。參數 `t` 是 struct\_time 或完整的 9-Tuple。它返回一個浮點數，以與 `time()` 兼容。 {% code title="PYTHON" %} ```python import time # 【gmtime()】 # Getting current time utc_time = time.gmtime() print(utc_time) # Formatting the time formatted_time = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", utc_time) print(formatted_time) # ========================================================= # 【localtime()】 # Getting local time local_time = time.localtime() print(local_time) # Formatting the time formatted_time = time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", local_time) print(formatted_time) ``` {% endcode %} **執行結果：** ```TXT time.struct_time(tm_year=2023, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=11, tm_min=11, tm_sec=11, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=188, tm_isdst=0) 2023-07-07 11:11:11 time.struct_time(tm_year=2023, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=19, tm_min=11, tm_sec=11, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=188, tm_isdst=0) 2023-07-07 19:11:11 ``` {% code title="PYTHON" %} ```python '''mktime()''' import time # ========================================================= # 【Converting the current time to epoch time】 # Get the current time now = time.localtime() # convert struct_time to epoch time epoch_time = time.mktime(now) print("Epoch time:", epoch_time) # ========================================================= # 【Converting a specific time to epoch time】 # Define a time tuple time_tuple = (2023, 7, 7, 15, 30, 0, 4, 188, -1) # July 7, 2023, 15:30:00 # convert the time tuple to epoch time epoch_time = time.mktime(time_tuple) print("Epoch time:", epoch_time) # ========================================================= # 【Comparing two dates】 # Define two time tuples time_tuple1 = (2023, 7, 7, 15, 30, 0, 4, 188, -1) # July 7, 2023, 15:30:00 time_tuple2 = (2023, 8, 7, 15, 30, 0, 1, 219, -1) # August 7, 2023, 15:30:00 # Convert the time tuples to epoch time epoch_time1 = time.mktime(time_tuple1) epoch_time2 = time.mktime(time_tuple2) # Compare the epoch times print("Time difference in seconds:", epoch_time2 - epoch_time1) ``` {% endcode %} **執行結果：** ```TXT Epoch time: 1688727762.0 Epoch time: 1688715000.0 Time difference in seconds: 2678400.0 ``` ### strftime(), strptime() *** `strftime(format[, t])` 將 `struct_time` 物件轉換為 `format` 指定的 String。 `format` 詳見：[strftime()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/time.html#time.strftime)。 如果未提供 `t`，則使用 `localtime()` 返回的當前時間。 `format` 必須是字符串。 `strptime(string[, format])` 根據 `format` 解析表示時間的 `string`，返回 `struct_time` 物件。 {% hint style="info" %} **`strftime()` 是按照作業系統實現的，因此有時可以提供比原始文檔更多的指令。 但 `strptime()` 是獨立作業系統的，因此不一定支援所有未記錄的可用指令。** {% endhint %} {% hint style="info" %} **`time` module 的 `struct_time` 不夠複雜，無法計算不同年份的日期之間的天數，為此我們可以使用使用 `datetime` module。** {% endhint %} {% code title="PYTHON" %} ```python '''strptime()''' import time t = time.gmtime() print(t) # ========================================================= # Extract specific values t = time.localtime() print(f"Year: {t.tm_year}") print(f"Month: {t.tm_mon}") print(f"Day of the week: {t.tm_wday}") # Extract specific values (using indices) print(f"Year: {t[0]}") print(f"Month: {t[1]}") print(f"Day of the week: {t[6]}") # ========================================================= # Calculate the number of days between two dates date1 = "2023-07-01" date2 = "2023-07-07" struct_time1 = time.strptime(date1, "%Y-%m-%d") struct_time2 = time.strptime(date2, "%Y-%m-%d") days_difference = struct_time2.tm_yday - struct_time1.tm_yday print(f"The number of days between {date1} and {date2} is {days_difference}.") # ========================================================= # Calculate the number of days between dates from different years from datetime import datetime date1 = "2023-07-01" date2 = "2024-07-07" # Convert strings to datetime objects datetime1 = datetime.strptime(date1, "%Y-%m-%d") datetime2 = datetime.strptime(date2, "%Y-%m-%d") # Subtract datetimes and extract the number of days days_difference = (datetime2 - datetime1).days print(f"The number of days between {date1} and {date2} is {days_difference}.") ``` {% endcode %} **執行結果：** ```TXT time.struct_time(tm_year=2023, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=7, tm_hour=13, tm_min=55, tm_sec=10, tm_wday=4, tm_yday=188, tm_isdst=0) Year: 2023 Month: 7 Day of the week: 4 Year: 2023 Month: 7 Day of the week: 4 The number of days between 2023-07-01 and 2023-07-07 is 6. The number of days between 2023-07-01 and 2024-07-07 is 372. ``` \
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